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CALCIUM:

Calcium:

• Calcium is a chemical element which is essential for living organisms.

• We need a certain amount of calcium to build and maintain strong bones and healthy communication between the brain and various parts of the body.

Functions of Calcium:

1% of total body calcium

• Vascular contraction & vasodilatation
• Intracellular signaling
• Muscle function
• Hormonal secretion

99% of total body calcium

• Stored in the bones and teeth where it supports their structure and function
The balance between bone formation & breakdown changes as people age.

What is Vitamin D?

Fat Soluble Vitamin. Vitamin D (the “sunshine vitamin”) is an important player when it comes to bone health.

Hormone precursor: acts like a hormone
Exists in 2 forms: Cholecalciferol (D3), Ergocalciferol (D2)

Vitamin D:

Maintaining calcium balance
Increases calcium and phosphorus mobilization from bone to plasma
Increases intestinal absorption of calcium & phosphorus
Regulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Promotes renal reabsorption of calcium

• The general physiological functions of vitamin D include-

– promoting strong bones,
– properly functioning muscles, and
– encouraging an effective immune system

Remodeling of bone:

# Breakdown of bone by Osteoclasts
# Formation of bone by Osteoblasts
By this cycle, new bones are continually formed and old bones are replaced

Some Definitions:

Osteopenia: 

Osteopenia is a condition where bone mineral density is lower than normal. It is considered by many doctors to be a precursor to osteoporosis.

Osteomalacia:

Osteomalacia is the general term for the softening of the bones due to defective bone mineralization. A common cause of the disease is a deficiency in Vitamin D.

Rickets:

Rickets is a softening of bones in children potentially leading to fractures and deformity. The predominant cause is a Vitamin D deficiency, but lack of adequate calcium in the diet may also lead to rickets.

Osteoporosis:

• Low bone mass
• Micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue
• Leading to bone fragility
• Susceptibility to fracture
Osteoporosis related fractures may lead to diminished quality of life, disability, & even death